CONTENTS
VOLUME 18 NUMBER 2 2010
LIGHT & ENGINEERING
(SVETOTEKHNIKA)
Wout van Bommel
Lighting Tomorrow: What’s Hot?
ABSTRACT
From a society, product and application point of view examples are given of what will be “hot” in lighting in the years to come. From a society point of view, sustainability, and in that context, energy-friendly product and application design will remain important. More attention is needed for totally waste-free design, as defined by cradle to cradle design. As far as products are concerned, solid state will become the standard for many applications. The changeover to solid state lighting may be slowed down because it is precisely for solid state lighting that wrongdataare often supplied, thus disappointing new users by not meeting their expectations. Good glare restriction in solid state lighting requires innovative optical designs. Here a totally new glare evaluation system is needed, as the present systems have been empirically developed for circumstances totally different from solid state lighting. Strict requirements for colour rendering and colour appearance should be standardised for general indoor lighting purposes where those of the incandescent lamp are the benchmark. As far as applications are concerned intelligent dynamic lighting will become more and more the standard also to safeguard non-visual biological effects. We will see more applications for lighting therapy to decrease problems related with disturbances in the biological clock. In fixed road lighting visibility of objects looses importance because of developments in car systems themselves. Instead of the luminance concept of road lighting a more three-dimensional concept is needed. When taking into account all the effects of mesopic vision, the direction for the most effective spectrum for road lighting points towards warm-white light. This is especially effective also because of shortwavelength vision loss of the elderly.
Keywards: cradle to cradle, solid state lighting, glare, colour rendering, color appearance
Sergei V. Kostyuchenko
Current State and Perspectives of UV Water and Air Treatment Technology
Abstract
The main advantages of UV disinfection of water and air compared to competing technologies are presented, and the successes of LIT SCIENTIFIC AND PRODUCTION ASSOCIATION JOINT-STOCK COMPANY concerning the development and production of complete equipment for UV disinfecting are described in brief. This is an important issue not only for consumers within the CIS, but also abroad. The Company is among the top three world leaders in this field, based on sales and production volume.
Keywords: water, air, chlorination, ozonation, membrane cleaning, sorption, UV disinfection, safe, harmless, economic
Judit Fekete, Cecilia Sik-Lányi, and János Schanda
Discomfort Glare Spectral Sensitivity
Abstract
In automotive headlamp glare situations discomfort glare is the critical glare contribution. The human visual system spectral glare sensitivity has been determined for near foveal vision, 10° and 20° para-foveal directions. In all cases the spectral glare sensitivity curve could be superposed from the rod spectral sensitivity and the three cone spectral sensitivity curves: the luminance and the two opponent channels signal. Experiments have shown that the so determined glare spectral sensitivity is non-additive, thus the influence of white lights can not be simply calculated from the spectral components of the lights. A bii-spectral light of smaller power will produce the same glare as an approximately 30% higher monochromatic light of the same chromaticity. Keywords: glare, night-time driving, mesopic vision, spectral sensitivity
Andrei N. Didenko, Alexander V. Prokopenko, and Anton Yu. Shchukin
High-Effective Sulfuric Lamp of Low Power
Abstract
A sulfuric lamp - a high-efficiency light source based on electrodeless microwave discharge of ultrahigh pressure in sulfur vapour - is developed with low power microwave power supply. To decrease the power to 220 W, two versions of pin inserts into the cylindrical resonator are proposed allowing to obtain strong linksof electric field intensity in the lamp spherical envelope to the root square product of microwave radiation power reaching the resonator by the Q-factor of the latter. The lamp light efficacy is about 85 lm/W, light efficacy of the lamp discharge part is about 140 lm/W, microwave supply power is 220 W and input power is 370 W.
Keywords: light source, sulfuric lamp, electrodeless discharge, microwave discharge, cylindrical resonator, cylindrical pins, ring pins, lamp envelope, light efficacy
Christoph Schiller, Jan Holger Sprute, Nils Haferkemper, and Tran Quoc Khanh
Discomfort Glare – Impact of Headlamp Optics, Spectrum of Adaptation and SPD
Abstract
TheLaboratory ofLightingTechnology attheTechnische Universitãt Darmstadt hasperformed fieldtestsinorder todescribe selected parameters inmoredetail, which could have aninfluence onasubject’sfeeling ofdiscomfort glare. This paper discusses theimpactof
• theheadlamp’s opticalconcept (reflexion; projection),
• thedriver’sspectrum ofadaptation (HighIntensity Discharge, Tungsten Ha- logen) and
• thespectral power distribution (SPD)oftheglaresource(HID,Tungsten Halogen) aspossiblefactors.
The choice ofone’sown car’s headlamps (TH or HID)has an influence on the subject’sadaptation level, but has no real impact on discomfort glare ratings. Headlamp optics show adistinct pattern. Thetested THreflector headlamps were detected tocause significantly higher discomfort glare than both THand HIDprojection headlamps, which led tonearly identical feelings ofdiscomfort.
Keywords:discomfortglare,spectralpowerdistribution, headlampoptics,fieldtest
Jürgen Locher and Franziska Kley
Disability and Discomfort Glare of Headlamps
Abstract
In two studies the influence of different headlamp systems on disability and discomfort glare has been quantified. If the legal requirements were fulfilled, the visualperformance ofthedriverswasnearlyidentical forallsystems(Xenon,Ha- logen, reflection systems, projection systems, LEDheadlamps). Discomfortglare varied slightlyifthedriverwaslookingathisownlane. Thevisualperformance decreased dramatically assoon as the legal requirements were not fulfilled. In these situations discomfort glare rose to ahigh amount.
Keywords:disabilityglare,discomfortglare,Xenon,LEDheadlamp
Holder Sprute, Stefan Söllner, Nils Haferkemper, Cristoph Schiller, Bastian Zydek, and Tran Quoc Khanh
Investigations on Glare Impact at Long Distances
Abstract
During the ongoing standardisation of Adaptive Driving Beam systems, the question will be raised, to which maximum luminous intensities theeyesofoncoming roaduserscanbeexposed without impairing theirvisionwithoverdue glare. Recent experiments onglare impact ofnewdriving beam systems revealed that the laboratory experiments on disability glare cannot beapplied toreal-traffic conditions by implication. This is particularly true for glare distances over 300m [1]. Therefore, glare tests withd istances of 700m and 1000 mhavebeenconducted onthe University’stesting site“Griesheim AirField”.Theresults show that the dependency onthe glare angle inthis study isfound tobeconsiderably lower than reported byother researchers. Thisfactwould enable amoderate increase of lightintensity towards oncoming drivers, ifthese arefound tobeatalongdistance. Thisenables the conception of new adaptive driving beams whichwould haveinduced moreglarewhen the traditional glaremodels would alsoapplyintrafficconditions.
Keywords:long distance glare,dynamic glare,disability glare,discomfort glare
Alexei Korobko
Problem of Lighting Design in Near Field
ABSTRACT
Two methods are presented that enable to perform lighting calculations in a near field of a luminaire. The methods used the basic concepts of a light field theory. They allow for the calculation of the illuminance level in a near field of axially symmetrical (light tube method) and asymmetrical (light vector projections method) luminaires on an arbitrary directed plane. To perform these calculations, the luminous distributions of luminaires are represented in the form of one or three tables containing the products between the corresponding projections of a light vector and the distance squared between the photometrical centre and the test point, located in a near and far field. The luminous intensity is given as a function of the distance, polar and azimuth angles. These photometrical data may be included into universal tables and represented in standard electronic formats (e.g., IES-format) in order to be used in computer programmes to aid the design process of lighting systems.
Keywords: near field photometry, far field photometry, inverse square law, light vector, light tube, axially symmetrical luminaire
Masako Miyamoto and Michiko Kunishima
Influence of Daylighting in the Early Evening on Behaviours and Spatial Evaluations
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this research is to examine how the changing daylight in the early evening influences the necessity for artificial lighting and spatial evaluation. The shape of a window is taken up as a comparative condition to obtain daylight effectively. The interior illuminance change by actual daylighting was measured, and a pseudo-daylight device was used for the experiment. This can change illuminance based on the actual measurement value. The aspects evaluated are the necessity for artificial lighting, the easiness of functioning and the atmosphere of the room.
The results are as follows.
The shape of the window influences the evaluation of brightness and the necessiry degree of the artificial lighting.
In this research, luminance of the window does not directly influence the evaluation of the brightness of the room.
There are some differences between the evaluation by young people and the evaluation by elderly people.
Keywords:daylight, behaviors, spatial evaluation, living room, shape of window, artificial lighting
Аlexei А. Gorbunov, Evgeny A. Karasyov and Anatoly S. Fedorenko
Research of Ecological Compatibility Increase when Manufacturing and Using Fluorescent Lamps
ABSTRACT
Some main intermediate results of research performed by specialists of the Mordovian State University of N.P. Ogaryov State Educational Enterprise of Higher Vocational Training, are presented on the increase of ecological safety of fluorescent lamps (FL) by replacement of liquid mercury used in them as an active substance with amalgams.The studies are dedicated to searching for optimum compositions of amalgams, of amalgam location versions in the FLs and of the correspondent structural solutions, to the development of amalgam manufacturing technique and to the development of amalgam FLs as a whole, to the development of a measurement method of mercury quantity in fluorescent lamps, to the creation of prototypes of amalgam FLs, to the determination of their characteristics and to the comparison of the latter ones with similar characteristics of normal FLs (with liquid mercury).
Keywords: fluorescent lamp (FL), liquid mercury, amalgam, composition optimization, amalgam FL, characteristics, technology, structure
Raphaël Labayrade, Henrik Wann Jensen, and Claus Wann Jensen
An Iterative Workflow to Assess the Physical Accuracy of Lighting Simulation Programmes
ABSTRACT
Lighting simulation programmes are used widely in the areas of research and engineering. A crucial question is whether these programmes produce accurate and trustable simulations which the user can have confidence in. To answer this question, international standards can be used to assess the physical accuracy of lighting simulation programmes, by making comparisons between simulations and reference (analytical or experimental) for various test cases. Nevertheless, it may be difficult to give a simple answer to this question, since usually the lighting programme accuracy is ruled by software settings tuned by the user. Moreover, in addition to physical accuracy, these settings also impact the simulation time. In this paper, we propose an iterative workflow aimed at identifying a range of simulation settings which achieve accurate predictions, and calibrating the simulation settings in regards to accuracy and rendering time. The proposed workflow needs fewer simulations to perform, than simulating each available test case of the international standard for each available setting, while remaining robust. We illustrate this workflow by assessing the physical accuracy and simulation time of Velux Daylight Visualizer 2 against CIE 171:2006 test cases.
Keywords: lighting simulation program, iterative workflow, physical accuracy,
Velux Daylight Visualizer 2, CIE 171:2006
Yury A. Anokhin and Alexander F. Peregudov
Spherical Diffuse Illuminator
ABSTRACT
The article considers lighting characteristics of a spherical diffuse illuminatorfor scanners of film material. An algorithm for the calculation of illuminance distribution from the illuminator over an operation surface is developed.
Keywords:diffuse illumination, spherical illuminator, diffuse illuminator, illuminance, single reflection, multiple reflection, reflection factor, illumination irregularity, operation surface
Svetlana S. Devyatkina A Concept of Light-Signal Support of Flights at Airfields with Two Runways
ABSTRACT
The main provisions of the concept of light-signal flight support at an airfield with two runways are considered. The fact of mutual redundancy of two runways forms the basis of the concept for flying under complex weather conditions.
Keywords:concept, light-signal support of flights, airfield, two runways, ICAO
Magali Bodart, Benoit Roisin, Peter D’Herdt, Arno Keppens, Peter Hanselaer, Wouter R. Ryckaert, and Deneyer G. Arnaud
Performances of Compact Fluorescent Lamps with Integrated Ballasts and Comparison with Incandescent Lamps
ABSTRACT
The saving potential of electrical energy for lighting in housing is very high. With the first phase of the European regulation on the production and sale of non-effective incandescent lamps having just come into effect, it appears that the use of compact fluorescent lamps (CFL) becomes an important topic. For that reason, this paper lists the major barriers to the spread of compact fluorescent lamps in housing and analyses four of them. 16 compact fluorescent lamps were measured in a laboratory in order to study their warm-up time, their colour shift during warm-up, the impact of their position on their luminous flux and their light output equivalent, in comparison to two incandescent lamps. Measurements show that information given on the lamp package is incomplete and inaccurate. The 1:5 rule, currently applied by European manufacturers in order to calculate the power of a CFL replacing an incandescent lamp, is inappropriate. A ratio of 1:4 would be better. While it has been observed that the position of the lamp base has an impact of the lamp efficacy, it was impossible to predict which position is best. The run-up time of compact fluorescent lamp can be long and depends on the shape of the lamp. The lamp colour modification during run-up is visible and can be a barrier to the use of compact fluorescent lamps. Tube CFLs should be favored as they have a higher luminous efficacy and take less time to reach their nominal flux. Finally, the measurements did not show any correlation between the lamp price and their quality.
Keywords:CFL, stabilisation time, run-up time, colour
CenkYavuz, ErtanYanikoğlu,and ÖnderGüler
Determination of Real Energy Saving Potential of Daylight Responsive Systems:
A Case Study from Turkey
Abstract
Energy saving approaches for interior lighting, especially for government and non-government offices, are significant for every country around the world. As energy sources are rapidly depleting and greenhouse gas emissions increase, lighting energy savings should be considered more seriously. A project entitled “Determination of Interior Lighting Energy Saving Potential for Sakarya Region”, financed and supported by Sakarya University Engineering Faculty (since 2005) and the Scientific Research Projects Commission (since 2007), has started. Using electrical and climatic data collected from the daylight responsive automated lighting control system constructed in 2008, detailed information regarding the real energy saving potential of an office building is estimated. Approximately 36% of the lighting energy used in the room over a period of 6 months can be saved without taking climatic energy consumption into account. In
accordance with the results of the total energy consumption in the test room, a clear path may be drawn to determine and increase the real energy saving potential.
Keywords:Lighting EnergySavings, Daylight Responsive Systems, LightingControl, Energy Efficiency